APA Citation Examples

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Published August ii, 2019. Updated Dec 7, 2021.

This guide volition testify yous how to construction APA citations co-ordinate to the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition) and will evidence yous case citations for unlike source types. For information on other APA topics—such as formatting your newspaper, creating a title page, etc.—check out the EasyBib APA format guide.  It even has an example paper.

Table of Contents

The Basics of APA

We're going to showtime from the beginning for all of y'all newbies out in that location, or for those of you looking for a refresher.

APA is an abbreviation which stands for American Psychological Association. This is a massive organisation, responsible for creating and sharing psychology-related publications, enquiry, and databases.

Basically, they keep psychologists and other like roles in the loop with what'southward happening in the world of psychology. With shut to 120,000 members, this is THE leading world organization related to psychology.They are non officially associated with this guide, only the information here talks about their citing format and rules in depth.

Why were APA citations created and why did my teacher ask me to apply this style?

Are you scratching your caput, wondering what is APA fashion is and how this all relates to your research project? To brand a long story brusque, the American Psychological Association did something actually cool. Back in 1952, they created a way for ALL psychology researchers to construction their citations. This standard method did three things:

  1. Psychology researchers were all able to display the sources they used in a systematic way.
  2. Readers were able to easily sympathize the information shown in citations.
  3. In that location was plenty information displayed in the citations for readers to get out and observe the exact sources on their own.

APA citations were such a hit, they were so proficient, that other science disciplines soon adopted the commendation format too. In fact, other disciplines outside of the scientific discipline earth utilize APA style today, as well. So, whether you're creating a psychology-related research project or not, in that location's a good gamble you were asked to create your citations in APA manner.

Currently in its 7th edition, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is one of the almost frequently used style guides for academic writing today!

With the 7th edition merely coming onto the scene in 2020, the American Psychological Association does not look to run across widespread usage of the 7th edition until later in 2020. This is why y'all should always double-bank check with your instructor on whether they desire you to use the 6th edition or the seventh edition for your projects.

Click here for more basics on this style.

Another widely used style is MLA format. Believe it or not, there are thousands of other styles, so perhaps your teacher or professor requested a completely different one. If you're in that gunkhole, caput to EasyBib.com to check out more styles. While you're at information technology, poke around and check out our APA reference generator. It may be merely what yous're looking for.

References vs. Citations – What's the difference?

References and citations are two terms that are thrown around a lot and quite often mean the same thing. A reference, or citation, shows the reader that a piece of data originated elsewhere. But, along came APA and decided to throw a curveball at united states of america. In APA, the two terms have ii dissimilar meanings.

A citation is institute in the actual writing of an APA enquiry paper.

In-text citation example:

"Lecture-rooms are numerous and big, but the number of young people who genuinely thirst after truth and justice is small" (Einstein, 2007, p. 5).

A reference is plant on the reference folio, which is the last page of a research paper.

Reference Page Example:

Einstein, A. (2007). The world as I come across it. Google Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=aNKOo94tO6cC&source=gbs_navlinks_s (Original work published 1934)

The information included in an APA citation is just a snapshot of the information found in the full reference. For more than data on when it'south appropriate to include a citation in your newspaper, caput to section eight.1-eight.x of the Publication manual.

Now, what makes things even trickier is that most teachers and professors apply the term "APA citations" when they're actually talking nigh the full references. How many times have yous heard your teacher say, "Make certain you lot have your citations on the last page!"

Eek! So, to stay on the same folio equally your teacher, this guide shows you lot how to make references for an APA reference page, just we're calling the page "APA Citations." Someone'southward gotta give in, right? Looks like it'south the states.

If you're looking for a quick read on the citations found in the torso of the newspaper, check out our APA Parenthetical Citation page. It'south just one of the many free APA citation guides available on EasyBib.com. Need an APA citation generator? Y'all can notice one at EasyBib.com likewise!

If you're looking for assist with the writing or grammer in your paper, check out our research, pronoun, and determiner pages. Nosotros have tons of other free grammar pages besides!

A rundown on references

Before we go into the nitty-gritty details on how to construction references for your APA paper, let'south go one more than quick piece of data off the table.

References are added to research papers and projects only when a source is included in the writing itself.

Nosotros don't add together references to a reference folio if nosotros want to simply suggest other, similar titles. No! We create references when an actual piece of information from another source is added into the projection.

Does your paper include a slice of data from a study? Bang-up! You lot copied a line of text from a case study and put it in your project (with quotation marks effectually information technology)? Perfect! You included a bar graph y'all found in a brochure? Fantastic! Make sure yous create an APA citation in the text of your paper and include the reference on the concluding folio.

The only exception to the above dominion is if you're creating an "annotated bibliography." For more than on that, check out our APA annotated bibliography page.

In example you lot were wondering, the same goes for MLA in-text & parenthetical citations on the MLA works cited page.

Ready to get started? The next section of the guide is going to explain, footstep-past-step, how to structure every nook and cranny of your references.

But, if y'all're dreaming of an APA citation maker to assist make the pain become abroad from building your references from scratch, you're in luck. EasyBib.com has an APA citation maker! In just a few clicks, our technology structures and styles each and every APA citation for yous. If you don't know much near it, head to the EasyBib homepage to learn more.

While you're at it, effort out our APA cover page maker, found on the main page as well!

Fundamentals of an APA commendation

This entire section goes into detail on each component of a reference. If y'all're looking to learn how to fashion the names of the authors, the title, publishing data, and other aspects related to the reference, this department is for you!

If you desire to skip the small talk and see an APA style newspaper case, go to the "Commendation Resource" menu on this folio and select "APA Format Guide." It includes a title folio instance, an APA newspaper example, and an APA reference page instance.It's all there for yous and the best part virtually it is it'southward complimentary! Do yourself a favor and take a peek at it now!

Author information

The very first slice of information in most references is the author's name(s). We say "near," because some sources may not have an writer (such every bit websites, the Bible…). If your source doesn't accept an author, practise not include whatever data about an author in your reference.

Citing a Source with 1 Author

APA Structure:

Final name of the Author, First initial. Middle initial.

APA Case:

Doe, J. B.

To run across some examples, curlicue downwards to the bottom one-half of this page.

Citing a Source with 2 Authors

Does your source have two authors? Do not put the names in alphabetical order. They should be written in the social club they're displayed on the source.

APA Construction:

Last name of the 1st listed Author, Outset Initial. Middle Initial., & Last name of the second listed Author, Offset initial. Middle initial.

APA Case:

Doe, J. B. & Chen, W. I.

For an example of a reference with two authors co-ordinate to the 7th edition of the Publication manual, curl down to the "Journal Articles found in Print" section, or check out section nine.7-9.12 in the Publication manual.

Citing a Source with iii to 20 Authors

Does your source accept three to twenty authors? The American Psychological Association has fabricated some updates on how to list multiple authors in your citations. If you accept betwixt three to twenty authors, listing all the authors names (Concluding Proper name, Initials). Put them in the same club they're listed in the source. Commas dissever names, and put an ampersand correct before the concluding name.

APA Example:

Bos, K., Hajek, South., Kogman-Appel, K., & Mensching, G. (2019). A Glossary of Latin and Italo-Romance Md-Botanical Terms in Hebrew Characters on an Illustrated Manuscript Folio (Ms. Oxford, Bodleian Opp. 688, fol. 177b). Aleph: Historical Studies in Science and Judaism 19(ii), 169-199. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/747571

Citing a Source with 21+ Authors

If your source has over 20 authors, list the last proper name and initials of the outset 19 authors, placing a comma betwixt each name. After the name of the 19th writer, apply an ellipsis in place of the remaining authors' names. Then, list the final author's name in front of it.

Here's a formatting example for 21+ names using the U.Due south. presidents (this is Non a reference example):

Washington, Thousand., Adams, J., Jefferson, T., Madison, J., Monroe, J., Adams, J. Q., Jackson, A., Van Buren, M., Harrison, Due west. H., Tyler, J., Polk, J., Taylor, Z., Fillmore, M., Pierce, F., Buchanan, J., Lincoln, A., Johnson, A., Grant, U. S., Hayes, R. B., … Trump, D. J.

Citing an Writer that is an organization or visitor

If your source is written by an arrangement or visitor:

Some sources are written and released by companies, not necessarily individual people. For example, most brochures at museums but display the institution'south name. Advertisements also only show the visitor's name. If the source you're attempting to cite just shows a grouping or organisation's name, identify information technology in the reference in the place you'd normally include an individual person's name.

Write out the proper name of the group in total; do not utilise abbreviations. For example, it may seem okay to use USDA, merely APA writing style prefers you write out United States Section of Agriculture.

If you're looking for data on how to mode your ain name in APA headings, find the instance newspaper on EasyBib.com.

Formatting Titles & Dates

Formatting the date of publication

The engagement the source was published is the next item shown in a reference. It'southward directly afterward the author'due south name.

For the majority of sources, include only the year in parentheses.

If you lot're citing an article in a magazine, include the twelvemonth and the month.

APA Case:

Peterzell, J. (1990, April). Better tardily than never. Time, 135(17), 20–21.

Check out the examples towards the bottom of the page, or head to sections nine.xiii-9.17 of the Publication transmission to see how dates are displayed.

Title rules and capitalization

Titles are the side by side piece of information shown in a reference. Titles are often tricky for people to style. Students often wonder, "Should I type out the title equally information technology's shown on the source?" "Should the title be written in italics or underlined?" Hither are the answers to (hopefully) all of your title-related questions:

Which messages are capitalized?

Most titles are written with a upper-case letter letter in these places:

  • At the beginning of the championship
  • At the beginning of a proper substantive
  • At the beginning of the subtitle

Information technology may be tempting to write the title as yous see information technology shown on the source, or with uppercase messages at the outset of every important discussion, but that'south not how APA referencing does it.

Here are a few examples of proper lettering:

  • A star is born
  • Spider-Man: Into the spiderverse
  • Harry Potter and the deathly hallows

The simply source types that are written with a capital at the showtime of every important word are periodicals. Some examples include the titles of newspapers, journals, and magazines.

Examples:

  • The New York Times
  • School Library Journal,
  • Us Weekly

How should I mode the championship?

  • Annihilation that stands lone is written in italics. When nosotros say "stands alone," we mean it isn't part of a larger collection. Most books are a unmarried source, so they're written in italics. Other examples include movies, brochures, dissertations, and music albums.
  • Sources that are part of a collection are written without italics. Website pages, journal articles, chapters in books, and individual songs (from an album) are written without italics.
  • Call up, the styling information above is for the APA reference folio but! Citations in the text of the paper are styled differently. If you lot need to see a total APA sample newspaper, bank check out the other resource on EasyBib.com!

Check out some of the examples beneath to see how the titles are typed out and styled. Yous can also head to section 9.18-9.22 of the Publication Manual for more than details

If it'south not the bodily title, merely an APA title page for your newspaper that you need help with, check out the Championship Page APA creator on the homepage of EasyBib.com! Or, cheque out the main guide for this style, which includes an APA comprehend page template.

Additional data about a source

It tin can be difficult to empathize a source blazon just by looking at an APA style commendation. Sometimes information technology isn't clear if y'all're looking at a citation for a presentation, a web log post, lecture notes, or a completely dissimilar source type.

To articulate up whatever confusion for your reader, y'all can include additional information directly afterwards the championship. This additional information most the source type is written in brackets with the starting time word having a upper-case letter letter.

APA Example:

Wilson, T. V. & Frey, H. (2019, May 13). Godzilla: The start of his story [Sound podcast]. iHeart Radio. https://world wide web.missedinhistory.com/podcasts/godzilla-the-start-of-his-story.htm

Thank you to the information in the brackets, the reader can hands see that the source is an audio podcast.

Check out the various examples towards the lesser of this page.

Publication information

Publication data includes the proper name of the publisher. In most cases, the publication information is only included for impress sources. Bank check out the book reference below to see the publication information in action.

Citing Books in APA

Y'all'll find plenty of source types below. If you don't see what y'all're looking for, try out our APA reference generator on EasyBib.com! Or, here's a great informative site we like. If you'd like to see a full APA sample newspaper, have a glance at the main citation guide for this style on EasyBib.com.

Citing books in print in APA

APA Structure:

Writer's Last name, F. M. (Year published). Championship of the book. Publisher.

APA Example:

Gaiman, North. (1996). Neverwhere. HarperCollins.

Looking for more than examples? Cheque out our APA book citation page.

Citing a chapter in a print book in APA

A reference page APA citation for a chapter in a print volume is styled the same way as the entire book. It is non necessary to showcase or brandish the individual affiliate. Nevertheless, in the text of the paper, the chapter is shown like this: (Author's Last name, Year, Chapter #).

Citing a chapter in an edited volume in print in APA

An edited book is one that was compiled by an author. Each individual affiliate, or department, is written past someone else. Since yous're probably citing the specific affiliate, rather than the whole unabridged book, place the name of the chapter's author in the first position.

APA Structure:

Chapter Writer'due south Last Proper name, F. 1000. (Year published). Affiliate title. In F. Thou. Editor'due south Concluding Proper name (Ed.), Title of book (Xrd ed., pp. 10-x). Publisher.

APA Example:

Alexander, G. R. (2015). Multicultural education in nursing. In D. M. Billings, & J. A. Halstead (Eds.), Educational activity in nursing: A guide for kinesthesia (5th ed., pp. 263-281). Google Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=YxzmCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edited+volume&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwja47-0kL_iAhUV7XMBHXzQBxAQ6AEIODAD#5=onepage&q&f=false

Citing an due east-book in APA

To cite an eBook, cite it the same way equally yous would a print book.

APA Structure:

Writer's Concluding proper name, F. M. (Year published). Title of book. Publisher. URL

APA Example:

Alcott, Fifty. M. (1905). Nether the lilacs. Little, Brown, and Company. https://archive.org/stream/underlilacs00alco2?ref=ol#page/n9/mode/2up

If yous're using the EasyBib APA citation generator to cite your due east-books, click on the "book" source blazon.

APA Example:

Gaiman, Due north. (2009). Coraline. HarperCollins. https://amzn.to/3cQqXAL

If you're using EasyBib.com's APA commendation generator to cite your e-books, click on the "book" source type.

Wondering what to do if you're using a book that was reprinted? Check out the example of Einstein's book, found towards the superlative of this guide.

Citing The Bible in APA

Since the bible is considered a "classical work," and widely known, it is not necessary to create a total reference. Simply include a citation in the text of the paper.

2 items need to be included:

  1. The title and version of the source, such as the New Living Bible
  2. The names, verses, chapters, or any numbers associated with the department y'all're referring to.

APA Example:

"Then the king asked her, "What do y'all want, Esther? What is your request? I volition give it to you, even if it'due south half the kingdom" (Esther 5:5 New Living Translation).

Citing Journals and Articles in APA

Citing periodical articles found in print in APA

APA Structure:

Author's Last name, F. K. (Twelvemonth published). Title of journal commodity. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), page range.

APA Example:

Reeve, A. H., Fjeldsa, J., & Borregaard, G. K. (2018). Ecologically flexible endemics dominate Indo-Pacific bird communities. Journal of Biogeography, 45(8), 1980-1982.

Your APA manner newspaper is easy to slice together with the tools and services on EasyBib.com. Try out our APA citation machine, which structures your references in just a few clicks. If you're looking for the perfect APA cover page, give our APA title folio maker a whirl.

Citing journal articles plant online in APA

APA Structure:

Author's Last name, F. One thousand. (Year published). Championship of journal article. Championship of Journal, Volume(Issue), folio range. //dx.doi.org/10xxxxxxx

APA Example:

Reeve, A. H., Fjeldsa, J., & Borregaard, M. G. (2018). Ecologically flexible endemics boss Indo-Pacific bird communities. Journal of Biogeography, 45(viii), 1980-1982. //dx.doi.org/ten.1111/jbi.13384

For more on journals, take a peek at our APA periodical page. Or, make your citations in only a few clicks with our APA citation generator.

Citing paper articles in print in APA

APA Structure:

Writer's Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Day of Publication). Article's title. Title of Newspaper, pp. xx-xx.

APA Case:

Boutilier, A. (2019, May 29). Facebook won't pull fake content for ballot: Official says it's not company'southward role to draw line as MPs blast Zuckerberg for not testifying. Toronto Star, p. ane.

Citing newspaper articles institute on the Net in APA

APA Structure:

Author's Last name, F. M. (Yr, Month Twenty-four hours of Publication). Article's title. Title of Newspaper. URL

APA Instance:

Boutilier, A. (2019, May 28). Facebook refuses to remove false content during Canadian election. The Star. https://world wide web.thestar.com/news/canada/2019/05/28/facebook-wont-remove-doctored-content-during-canadian-election.html

Kale, S. (2020, March nine). How to keep your hands clean – without getting dry pare. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/shortcuts/2020/mar/09/how-to-keep-your- hands-clean-without-getting-dry-skin

Citing magazines read in print in APA

APA Construction:

Author'south Last name, F. M. (Year, Month or Season). Title of article. Championship of Magazine, Volume(Issue), folio range.

APA Example:

Freedman, A. (2019, June). How to choose a gaming laptop: You can play your game and take information technology with you. TechLife Commonwealth of australia, 90, 78-81.

Citing mag articles read over the internet in APA

APA Structure:

Author'due south Concluding Name, F. M. (Year, Calendar month). Title of magazine article. Title of Magazine, Volume(Issue), page range. URL

APA Instance:

Roughshod, P. (2019, May). Double dragon: Yakuza Kiwami two is a return to form for the singular crime series. PC Gamer, 319, 80. https://www-pressreader-com.i.ezproxy.nypl.org/usa/pc-gamer-us/20190521

Citing a Source on the Internet in APA

Citing digital sources in this manner is much easier than other styles. If you're wondering why, information technology's because a lot of information isn't included in the reference.

For most digital sources, just five items are usually needed:

  • The name of the author
  • The engagement the source was published
  • The championship of the source
  • The medium (web log post, audio file, pdf, etc.)
  • The website address

Here's some more information related to web content:

  1. But include the medium if it's unique or if it will aid the reader empathise the source type.
  2. Include the website accost at the terminate of the commendation.
  3. Do non place a period at the stop of the website accost.

Accept a digital source? Need to cite APA? Check out some of the examples below.

Citing a blog in APA

APA Structure:

Author's Last name, F. M. (Twelvemonth, Month Day of posting). Title of post. Weblog or Website name. URL

APA Case:

Chockrek, E. (2019, May 29). 7 summertime activities that help boost your college applications.EasyBib. https://world wide web.easybib.com/guides/7-summer-activities-that-help-boost-your-higher-applications/

See some other example on our APA citation website page.

Citing social media in APA

Hither'south the APA template for most social media platforms:

APA Structure:

Last proper name, F. 1000. [Username]. (Twelvemonth, Month Day of posting). Content of the post upwards to the first twenty words [Depict any attachment] [Tweet OR Facebook page OR Instagram photo OR Instagram post]. Site Name. URL

Example:

Lem, E. [@lemesther]. (2019, Oct two). Spotted @Chegg promo commemoration. Ladies who…"leopard." Thank you to all the upcoming promos. #marketing #UEx. [Image fastened [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/lemesther/condition/1179549293289627650

If the name of the individual is unknown or unlisted on the profile (such as Lady Gaga), identify the username first, without brackets

APA Case:

Ladygaga. (2019, May 20). I'm so proud of @momgerm for existence asked to serve as Goodwill Ambassador for @WHO. The goal of @btwfoundation is [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/ladygaga/status/1130578727539052544

If in that location are emojis, endeavour to recreate them or describe them in brackets.

APA Example:

Hawaii Volcanoes NPS [@Volcanoes_NPS]. (2020, February 26). Half the park is after dark! [flashlight emoji] In addition to night night skies, evening in the park provides a cracking chance. [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/Volcanoes_NPS/condition/1232776372801589248

For more well-nigh citing social media, head to department ten.15 of the Publication manual.

Citing online encyclopedias & dictionaries – Group author

If you conducted or watched a personal interview and the transcript or sound is not available for the reader, then there really isn't whatever signal to create a total reference. These types of sources are not recoverable and the reader would be unable to find the interview on their ain. Instead, only create a commendation in the text of the paper. Use the beginning initial, centre initial, and last proper noun of the person beingness interviewed, along with "personal communication," and the appointment of the interview.

APA Structure:

Institution or organization name. (due north.d.). Entry championship. In Title of Website or reference. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

APA Instance:

Merriam-Webster. (northward.d.). Doleful. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved March 1, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/lexicon/doleful

Citing online encyclopedias & dictionaries – Known author

If in that location is a known author, cite the source this way:

APA Structure:

Last name, F. M. (Engagement published). Entry title. In F. M. Final name (ed.), In Title of Website or reference. Retrieved Month Twenty-four hours, Year, from URL

APA Instance:

Isle of man, M. E. & Selin, H. (n.d.). Global warming. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved March 1, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/scientific discipline/global-warming

Citing Wikipedia

Cite a Wikipedia page just similar a normal webpage, merely use an archived version. Go to the "View history" tab at the meridian of a Wikipedia page to find these archived versions, their publishing appointment, and their URL.

APA Structure:

Article title. (Yr, Month Twenty-four hours). In Wikipedia. URL

APA Case:

Kinetic energy (2019, December 27). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/westward/index.php?title=Kinetic_energy&oldid=932724138

If you want to learn how to cite websites in MLA, click on the link.

An APA generator is available to you on EasyBib.com Take the stress out of edifice the references for your APA style paper and attempt it out!

While you're at information technology, it may be helpful to take a glance at our APA newspaper template. It can be found on the EasyBib Writing Heart page. You can use the APA paper example to assist structure your own APA title page and paper.

Citing a vocal or music listened to online in APA

Modern songs (due east.thou., that vocal you heard on the radio this morning) should listing the name of the recording artist's proper noun. Classical music lists the song'southward composer (due east.thou., think Mozart, Beethoven, etc.).

Note: include a URL in the reference if that location is the only means of retrieval (like if they only post their music to SoundCloud or on their own specific website). If the song is available across multiple platforms, no URL is needed.

APA Construction for a modernistic vocal:

Artist'south Last Name, F. Chiliad. (Yr published). Song'southward title [Song].  On Title of anthology. Publisher(south).

APA Example:

Grande, A. (2019). 7 rings [Song]. On thank u, side by side. Republic Records.

APA Structure for a classical vocal:

Artist'southward Last Proper name, F. Thousand. (Twelvemonth published). Vocal's title [Vocal recorded past Artist's Proper name]. On Title of anthology. Publisher.

APA Example:

Bach, J. S. (1997). Toccata and Fugue in D minor [Song recorded by William McVicker]. On Great organ classics. Sony Music Amusement United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland Limited.

Sheet music in APA

To cite APA canvass music, cite it exactly the same as a book. If information technology's found online, cite it as a website.

Citing streamed videos in APA

Use this format if you're citing a video found online (such every bit a YouTube video).

APA Structure:

Person who posted the video's Concluding Name, F. Yard. [Username]. (Twelvemonth, Calendar month Day of posting or publishing). Video'south title [Video]. URL

APA Case:

Vliegenthart, S. [booksandquills]. (2018, Dec 3). Books from uni nosotros didn't detest [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9G52GCgpEZg

If the name of the individual isn't available, start with the username, and remove the brackets.

APA Examples:

Chegg. (2018, November 15). One common grammar error to avoid [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?5=5Bfx50f853g

Maroon 5. (2018, May thirty). Girls like yous ft. Cardi B [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.exist/aJOTlE1K90k

If you're in need of an APA citation machine to do the work for yous, bank check out the homepage on EasyBib.com! We fifty-fifty have a free Championship Folio APA creator on the main page also!

Citing a moving picture or movie in APA

APA Structure:

Managing director's Last Name. F. M. (Director). (Year published). Movie's title [Picture]. Publisher(south) or URL

APA Example:

Gerwig, G. (Manager). (2017). Lady bird [Video]. IAC Films; Scott Rudin Productions.

Citing Boosted Sources in APA

Citing a published thesis or dissertation from a database in APA

APA Structure:

Author's Terminal Name, F. M. (Year created). Thesis or Dissertation's title [Primary's thesis OR Doctoral dissertation, Proper name of Institution]. Name of database or archive.

APA Example:

Schluckebier, M. E. (2013). Dreams worth pursuing: How higher students develop and clear their purpose in life [Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa]. ERIC.

If you're looking for an APA citation architect to do the work for y'all, check out EasyBib.com's APA generator!

Citing a conference newspaper in APA

APA Structure:

Author'due south Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Days of Briefing). Title of conference paper [Type of presentation]. Conference Name, Location. URL or DOI.

APA Example:

Fowle, M. (2018, September). The entrepreneurial dream: Happiness, depression, and freedom [Conference presentation]. European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreunership, Aviero, Portugal.

Citing an interview in APA

If you conducted or watched a personal interview and the transcript or audio is non available for the reader, then in that location really isn't any point to create a total reference. These types of sources are non recoverable and the reader would exist unable to discover the interview on their own. Instead, simply create a commendation in the text of the paper. Use the showtime initial, middle initial, and concluding name of the person being interviewed, forth with "personal communication," and the engagement of the interview.

APA Instance:

W. I. Ikemoto (personal communication, June 2, 2019)

If the interview is recoverable, include the full reference on the terminal page of the project. If the interview was found in a magazine, use the magazine structure. If the interview was read on a weblog, utilize the weblog structure. Wait for the APA headings above that match your specific source blazon.

Don't forget, our APA citation car structures pretty much everything for you. Find it on EasyBib.com's homepage and give our APA citation generator a try.

Didn't detect what yous needed? Still a chip confused? Learn more than hither. You tin also take the guesswork out of making your references with our handy APA citation generator, found at the top of this page.

Putting information technology All Together

Yous've structured your sources correctly, right? Yous have the periods, italics, and commas where they vest? Capital letters where they're supposed to be? Great! You're most through! The last step is organizing your citations properly on the page. For easy to follow, in-depth instructions on structuring the last page in your project, check out our APA reference page. If you'd similar to see a sample APA paper, check out the primary guide for this style on EasyBib.com!

Earlier you lot hit submit, make certain yous run your newspaper through our plagiarism checker. It checks for instances of accidental plagiarism and scans for spelling and grammatical errors. Even if yous think you have every verb, adverb, or interjection where it belongs, y'all may be surprised with what our innovative technology suggests.

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Listing of APA templates

Troubleshooting

Solution #1: How to cite a photo with no creator, date, or championship in APA

  1. Describe the photo and place brackets around information technology.
  2. Add together "northward.d" with parentheses effectually information technology.
  3. List where the reference was found without italics.
  4. Follow with the URL data of where you lot establish the photo if information technology was institute online.

Example of a photo citation with no creator, date, or title

[Photo of two hens in a befouled]. (due north.d). Theoretical Prints. http://Theoretical_Prints.org/2-hypothetical-hens/

Solution #ii: How to cite a dictionary entry in APA

Lexicon entry in print

  1. List the organization or the author's proper name in last name, showtime name initial, and middle name initial (if there is i) with a period following.
  2. List the date in parentheses with a period post-obit.
    1. Use northward.d if the appointment is not listed.
  3. List the proper name of the dictionary term. Capitalize the first letter and utilize a menstruum later.
  4. Write "In" followed by the proper name of the lexicon used. The dictionary proper noun should be italicized.
  5. In parentheses, write the volume abbreviated as "Vol." followed by the volume number and page number. Add together a flow later information technology.

Examples for a printed dictionary entry citation

Hypothetical Clan of Learning. (2014). Cake. In The Hypothetical Learner'south Dictionary (Vol. ii, p. 3).

Johnson, C. K. (2014). Cake. In The Hypothetical Learner'southward Dictionary (Vol. two, p. 3).

Dictionary entry from an online source

  1. List the organization or the author's proper name in terminal proper noun, first name initial, and eye name initial (if there is one) with a period following.
  2. List the date in parathesis with a period following.
    1. Use "northward.d" if the date is non listed.
  3. List the name of the dictionary term. Capitalize the starting time letter and use a flow afterwards.
  4. Write the name of the dictionary in italics and follow it with a menstruation.
  5. Write "Retrieved" then the date yous accessed the entry online in this format: Month Mean solar day, Year. End it with a comma.
  6. Write "from" and add together the page URL.

Examples for an online lexicon entry citation

Hypothetical Association of Learning. (2014). Block. In The Hypothetical Learner's Dictionary. Retrieved Nov 7, 2021, from https;//dictionary.hypothetical.org/dictionary/English language/block

Johnson, C. K. (2014). Cake. In The Hypothetical Learner'southward Dictionary. Retrieved November 7, 2021, from https;//lexicon.hypothetical.org/lexicon/English/cake

Solution #3: How to ensure that an car-generated citation in APA mode is right

  1. Ensure that the correct number of people are accredited by counting the names in the source and the website citation.
  2. Ensure that all names are spelled correctly.
  3. If 2-20 authors are used, ensure that an ampersand is used before the last name.
  4. If more than than twenty authors are used, ensure that an ellipsis is used before the final author.
  5. Check to brand sure that the date is right and that the month or twelvemonth do not need to be adjusted.
  6. Ensure that the title is correctly capitalized and formatted.
    1. By and large, works cited as a whole, such as books, are written in italics, while shorter works that are part of a bigger work, such equally a affiliate in a book or articles from a journal (e.g., periodical, magazine, paper, etc.), are usually in regular font.
    2. The title of webpages are italicized, while the title of the site they are on is in regular font.
    3. Social media post citations use the written post content (up to 20 words) equally the championship. This "title" should be italicized.
  7. If using a chapter, make sure that the editor is accredited.
  8. If using an article, make sure that the journal number is italicized and that the volume number is in parentheses.
  9. Make sure that your links are active and that they bring yous to the correct location. You may need to rewrite the link.

Published August ii, 2019. Updated March ten, 2020.

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau. Michele Kirschenbaum is a defended schoolhouse library media specialist and i of the in-house EasyBib librarians. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg. She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing.

APA Formatting Guide

How exercise I utilize the EasyBib APA citation generator?

Get to www.easybib.com and follow the directions to create a citation. After you lot create a citation or citation listing, you can choose APA as your citation style (default is MLA). APA is a premium style, so yous will need a subscription or trial to EasyBib Plus in order to create citations in APA. Upgrade your business relationship at https://www.easybib.com/upgrade.